I would first verify whether the scenario fits LOPA assumptions—a single initiating event with independent protection layers and independent failures. If the multiple failures involve dependencies, common-cause failures, cascading events, or complex consequence interactions, I would recommend a ...

1oo2 is usually preferred when:

The hazardous event develops very quickly.
Missing a real demand is considered less acceptable than an occasional nuisance trip.
The process can be restarted easily.
Capital cost is a significant constraint.
SIL calculations show it adequately meets the required risk ...

Asset management software helps in picking up the following parameters:
Calibration history
Device diagnostics
Failure history
Drift rate
Sensor health
Environmental conditions
They can predict like, "This pressure transmitter will exceed calibration tolerance in 4 months."
This is predictive ...

Practically, these are the historical maintenance records as we pull out before each opportunity.
Data leads such as repeated packing failures, frequent seat leakage, recurring actuator problems, multiple work orders over recent years, repeat offenders usually deserve priority attention.
Pretty ...

Not necessarily. High alarm and high-high alarm are not automatically double counting. The issue is whether they are independent IPLs and whether they truly provide separate risk reduction.
Some practical examples:
Example: High Alarm + Operator Action + SIS Trip
You have:
High Pressure Alarm (PAH ...

I will make sure that I don't leave any common mistakes which we do during LOPA for SIL determination.
1. Treating Basic Process Control System (BPCS) as Independent When It Is Not
2. Giving Credit to Operator Response Without Verifying Reality
3. Double Counting IPLs
4. Using Unrealistic Initiating ...

Published in AICHE, back in 2012.

A resource which can help.

What are the best practices when preserving pumps for mothablling a complete unit? For sure more than 6 months time is expected.

There can be four type of failures which can affect ESP:
1. Electrical
Motor winding burnout can happen. Insulation breakdown itself can happen, some cable damages or short circuits.
2. Mechanical
Shaft breakage happens, wear of bearing can occur, impeller damage or the coupling failure.
Keep good ...